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                        Imtiaz Ahmed Present's 







   ENGLISH BASICS 


 Uses of Nouns

Nouns are words you use to talk about people, places,
 and things.

SingularThis is a book.This is a singular noun. 
That means that it stands for one of something.

PluralAnd these are books.This is a plural noun.
 That means that it stands for more than one of something.

English usually forms the plural by adding an "s" 
to the singular noun. Sometimes, though, 
the plural looks like a completely different word:

This is a child. (singular)

And these are children. (plural)

There is a man. (singular)

There are some men. (plural)

There aren’t that many words in English that form the 

plural this way. It’s much more common to form the 

plural by adding "s."

Here are some more examples of English nouns:

the car	the house	a girl
the cars	the houses	girls

 Count And Noncount Nouns

Count nouns are nouns that can be counted 
(e.g., a book, two friends, three cars, etc.). A count noun may 
be preceded by a or anin the singular; it takes 
a final -s or -es in the plural.
Noncount (or mass) nouns refer to things that cannot 
be counted (e.g., money, rain, snow, butter, wind, air,
 clothing, etc.).
 Noncount nouns are not preceded by a or an and have
 no plural form.


COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS 

advice	weather	equipment
news	water	jewelry
information	music	postage
work	money	luggage

Some nouns can be both count and noncount nouns:
--We drank some wine. (Noncount)--We ordered three wines. (Count)(It is implicit that three different wines were ordered.)

 Indefinate And Definate Articales

 
There is no need to worry about whether a noun is
 masculine, feminine, or neuter in English. Normally, 
a noun is preceded by a definite article (THE) or an 
indefinite article (A, AN) as follows:

DEFINITE ARTICLE 
the tourist
the area
the card
the hotel
the restaurant
the people
the signs

INDEFINITE ARTICLE 
a tourist
an area
a card
a hotel
a restaurant
some people
some signs

Note that definite articles refer to something specific, 

while indefinite articles refer to something non-specific.

 Use an in front of words beginning with vowels and 

some with plural nouns.


 Possessive Adjectives 


Here are the possessive adjectives in English:

1st person, singular -- my 
3rd person, singular -- his, her, its 
1st person, plural -- our 
2nd person, sing./pl. -- your 
3rd person, plural -- their 
In English, the gender and number of the possessor 

determines the form of the possessive adjective: 
--I have a credit card. It's my credit card. 
--She has some money. It's her money. 
NOTE: Often the subject of the verb is not the person

 who owns the noun. Be careful about this. You must 

know the gender and number of the owner to be able 

to use possessive adjectives correctly: 
--Are you buying his ticket or her ticket? 
--I'm buying his ticket.


 Possessive Pronouns


Here are the possessive pronouns in English:1st person,

 singular -- mine3rd person, singular -- his, 

hers, its1st person, plural -- ours2nd person, sing./pl.

 -- yours3rd person, plural -- 

theirs 
In English, the gender and number of the possessor 

determines the form of the possessive pronoun:--

I have a bicycle. It's

 mine.--They have some bread. It's theirs. 
NOTE: Often the subject of the verb is not the person

 who owns the noun. Be careful about this. You must 

know the gender and number of the owner to be able

 to use possessive pronouns correctly:
--Are you driving his car or hers?
--We're driving hers.


 Object Pronouns
   

Remember, a pronoun is used in place of a noun. 

Subject pronouns come in front of verbs, and object

 pronouns follow them:

me	us
you	you
him, her, it	them

EXAMPLES: 
--We see our friends.
-->We see them. (them takes the place of our friends) 
--Call the waiter.
-->Call him. (i.e., the waiter) 
--They like coffee.
-->They like it. (i.e., coffee) 


 Reflexive Pronouns 

The following are reflexive pronouns: 

myself	ourselves
yourself	yourselves
himself, herself, itself	themselves

A reflexive pronoun usually refers to the subject of a 

sentence: 
--We looked at ourselves in the mirror.
(We and ourselves are the same persons.)Sometimes

 reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis:--

I washed my clothes myself. 


 The Relative Pronouns Whom/Which/That
  
Follow the same rules for using who(m), which, and

 that, as you do with other relative pronouns. The only

 difference is 

that now these pronouns are functioning as objects: 

--The movie that we saw last night was terrible.--The 

movie, which we saw last night, was terrible. 
For people, you will use either who or whom. Who is 

usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even 

though it is 

technically incorrect: 
--The person who they saw was sick. (informal)
--The person whom they saw was sick. (formal)
--There's the driver who the police arrested. (informal)--

There's the driver whom the police arrested. (formal)


 Prepositions


Prepositions are used in phrases and as parts of verbs. 

Here are some common English prepositions:

about	into
above	like
across	near
after	of
along	off
among	on
around	out
before	over
behind	since
below	through
beneath	throughout
beside	till
between	to
beyond	toward
by	under
despite	until
down	up
during	upon
for	with
from	within
in	without

 Two Word Verbs


The term two-word verb refers to a verb and a preposition

 which together have a special meaning. Two-word verbs are common in informal English. Here is a list of some of these 

verbs. 

bring up	To rear children;  to mention a topic.
call up	To call on the telephone.
clean up	To make clean and orderly.
do over	To do again.
drop off	To leave something/ someone at a place.
fill out	To complete an official form.
get on	To enter an airplane, car, etc.
give back	To return an item to someone.
go over	To review or check carefully.
hand in	To submit an assignment or report.
hang up	To conclude a telephone conversation; to put clothes on a hanger or hook.
look over	To review or check carefully.
look up	To look for information in a reference book.
pick up	To get someone in a car (e.g., in a car); to take in one's hand.
put away	To remove to a proper place.
put on	To put clothes on one's body.
put out	To extinguish a cigarette, fire, etc.
show up	To appear, come.
take off	To remove clothing; to leave on a trip.
take out	To take someone on a date; to remove.
think over	To consider carefully.
try on	To put on clothing to see if it fits.
turn in	To submit an assignment, report; to go to bed.
turn off	To stop a machine, light, faucet.
turn on	To activate a machine, light, faucet.
turn out	To extinguish a light.
turn up	To increase volume or intensity.

There are two categories of two-word verbs:
1.) Separable:
--I handed my paper in.
In separable two-word verbs, a noun or pronoun may come between the verb and preposition
2.) Non separable:
--She gets off the train 


 Troublesome Verbs


Here are some verbs that you, like many native speakers,

 may find troublesome: 

TRANSITIVE (followed by an object)	INTRANSITIVE (not followed by an object)
raise, raising, raised: The farmer is raising chickens.	rise, rising, rose: The moon is rising.
set, setting, set: I will set the glass down.	sit, sitting, sat: They sit in front.
lay, laying, laid: I am laying the dress on the bed.	lie, lying, lain: I am lying on the bed.

   ENGLISH GRAMMER

 The Progressive Form of the Present
 
In many situations, you will encounter the progressive form 

of the present tense. There are three forms of the present in English, the simple, progressive, and emphatic. In previous 

section, you learned the simple forms of the verbs to be,

 to go, and to have. Compare the two conjugations of the

 verb to go: 
SIMPLE PRESENT
I go
you go
he, she, it goes
we go
they go 
PROGRESSIVE PRESENT 
I am going
you are going
he, she, it is going
we are going
they are going

To form the progressive present, use the present tense of 

the verb to be as an auxiliary and add the ending -ing to the infinitive. Sometimes there will be a slight spelling change:

-->the boy runs
-->the boy is running 
-->we bake a cake
-->we are baking a cake

Don't be afraid to use contractions with the progressive

 present forms. You will hear and use I'm going or they're

 driving much more often that the non-contracted forms. 




 The  Present Perfect Tense



The present perfect, like the other perfect tenses

 (future and past perfects), conveys the idea that one thing happens before another time or event. In other words,

 perfect tenses are always used within a context and not in isolation. 
To form the present perfect, 

use a form of have + past participle:--They've already 

dried their clothes.--

I've just finished washing my clothes.--She's borrowed some detergent.(In the above, the actions all 

took place before now. The exact time is unimportant.) 




 Past Tense: Simple Past and the Past Participle


Use the simple past tense when you are 

talking about something that happened at one 

particular time in the past (i.e., the event began and

 ended in the past). Normally, there is a reference to

 past time (yesterday, last night, etc.):
--I knew your aunt when she was young.
--Yesterday, they bought a car.
--We rented a car last week.
--He saw the U.S. Capitol while he was in Washington. 
For many verbs, just add the ending -ed to the verb to

 make it simple past:borrow-->borrowed
close-->closed
open-->opened
cash --> cashed. 
Here are some rules for making the simple past tense of 

regular verbs: 1. 

Verbs ending in -e, 

add -d (hope --> hoped)2. Verbs ending in a vowel and a consonant:A.

 For one-syllable verbs having a single vowel, 

double the consonant ending:stop-->stopped
rob-->robbedB. For one-syllable verbs having two vowels,

 just add -ed: rain-->rained
dreamed-->dreamed (also, dreamt)C. 

For two-syllable verbs, in which the first syllable is stressed, 

just add -ed:listen-->listenedD. For two-syllable verbs, 

in which the second syllable is stressed, 

double the consonant ending as you did for 1. above:prefer-->preferred
control -->controlled3. Verbs ending in -y. 

If the -y is preceded by a vowel, 

keep the -y (enjoyed, prayed); if the -y is preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -i and add -ed:try-->tried
study-->studied4. Verbs ending in -ie, add -d:die-->died5. 

Verbs ending in two consonants, just add the ending -ed.
NOTE: For regular verbs the form of the simple past

 is also the form of the past participle!! 


 Simple Present 
 Statement: 
--They accept credit cards.
Question:
--Do they accept credit cards? 

 Simple  Past
Statement:
--They accepted credit cards last year.
Question:
--Did they accept credit cards last year?When using did in a question, the main verb will be in the infinitive form, not the simple past tense.NOTE: For a negative question in the past, 

use didn't.--Didn't you get my letter?--Didn't they come?


 Contractions 


You will want to learn how to use contractions as soon

 as possible. Contractions are used constantly in informal 

English. Examples of contracted subject/verb forms are:

TO BE: 
I am-->I'm
he is-->he's
we are-->we're
you are-->you're
they are-->they're
TO HAVE: 
I have-->I've
we have-->we've
you have-->you've
they have-->they'veContractions are frequently used with compound forms of verbs, especially the progressive or

 continuous form of the present tense 

(I'm going. / We're leaving.) and the present

 perfect forms (I've received the letter. / 

They've already left.) 




  Asking uestions

In English, you can ask simple yes/no questions by

 either inverting the subject and verb or by using rising intonation:--We can change money here.
(simple, declarative statement)
--Can we change money here?
(question with verb first)
--We can change money here?
(question with rising intonation)
NOTE: In the case of the simple present tense,

 it is necessary to use a form of the verb to do as an

 auxiliary in making a question: -->They like this bank.
-->Do they like this bank?--You have a passport.
-->Do you have a passport? 


  Informatio uestions

Many times you will want to ask a 

question that elicits information,

 instead of a simple yes/no answer. 

Information questions will begin with one of 

the following words:
WHO, WHERE, WHOM, WHAT, WHOSE, WHICH, WHY, HOW,

 WHEN 
Who refers to people. It is used as the subject of the

 question.
Whom is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
Whose asks questions about possession.
Why is used to ask questions about reason.
When is used to ask questions about time.
Where is used to ask questions about place.
What can be used as the subject or object of a question.

 It refers to things.
Which is used instead of what when a question concerns

 choosing from a definite, known quantity or group.
How generally asks about manner. It is often used with 

much and many.
When a form of to be is the main verb in the simple 

present and simple past, it precedes the subject:
--Who is that man?
--Where is the airport?
--Where are the checks?
--What time is it? 


  Tag uestions 


Tag questions are questions that are added at the end of a sentence.--Mary is here, isn't she?
--You like beer, don't you?
--They are leaving, aren't they?
--She doesn't drink coffee, does she?
--He has brown hair, doesn't he?The subject of the tag

 question should be the same as the subject of the main 

verb. If the first part of the sentence is in the affirmative,

 then the tag question will be negative, and vice versa. 
  

FIRST PART OF SENTENCE:	TAG QUESTION:
affirmative	negative
negative	affirmative

In American English, a form of do is usually used when 

have is the main verb: They have change, don't they?


  Imperatives ( The Command Form) 




It is simple to use the imperative or command form in 

English. When a command is directed at someone else,

 use the you form of the simple present tense: 
--You take the elevator.
-->Take the elevator. 
(Simply drop the subject you.) 
If the command includes you and others, use the we form: 
--We take our luggage.
-->Let's take the luggage. 
(Drop the subject we and add let's [let us].) 


  Possessives 
 
To indicate possession in English, you will use either the preposition of or the -'s form. The latter is used much more frequently in informal English. 
--This is the office of the attorney.
-->This is the attorney's office. 
--Here is the desk of Mr. Young.
-->Here is Mr. Young's desk. 
--I know the family of Mrs. Jones.
-->I know Mrs. Jones's family. 
Note the change in word order when the -'s form is used. 

The owner is listed first, followed by the thing owned. 


  The Causative Verbs Have and Let


In order to express the notion of having someone else do something for you, use a form of have + the main verb: 
--I'm having my mail forwarded.
(Someone else is forwarding it for you.) 
--I had my house painted.
(Someone painted it for you.) 
NOTE: The -ed form (past participle) is used after

 have to give a passive meaning. 
Let in a causative sense means to permit: 
--Please let me help you.
--Don't let them leave! 
Do not use an infinitive after let.
Using A Few, Few, A Little, and Little
A few and few are used with plural count nouns: 
--a few friends, few ideas, a few things to do, etc. 
A little and little are used with noncount nouns: 
--little money, a little rain, a little wind, etc. 
NOTE: Few and little give a negative idea, conveying

 the notion that something is largely absent: 
--They have very little money.
--We have few options remaining. 
NOTE: A few and a little give a positive idea, indicating that something exists or is present: 
--I have a little free time today.
--Do you have a few moments? 


  Using Some And Any 

In English the words some and any are used before

 plural nouns: some money, some dollars, any change, etc. 
However, it is often possible to leave out the word some in declarative sentences: 
--We have (some) checks. 
--Mr. Roberts gives them (some) money. 
The word any is usually used in questions and negations

 to replace some: 
--Do you have any change?--Do you have some change?

--They don't have any friends


  Using Comparisons 

There are two ways to make a comparison in English. 
1.) Use more in front of the adjective.--It's more exciting.2.)

 Add -er to end of the adjective.--A bus is cheaper 

than a taxi.

To complete a comparison, use than.--

I am older than my wife. 

For most one-syllable adjectives, use -er: 

older, wiser, etc. For most two and three-

syllable adjectives, use more: more recent. For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, use -er. Note that the y is

 changed to i in words such as busy (busier) and pretty 

(prettier). 

It is sometimes hard to decide whether to use more or -

er in a comparison. In fact, there are many common 

adjectives 

that use either form (such as able, angry, cruel, friendly, 

polite, quiet, simple, etc.). Listening and practice with 

speaking the language will help you more than any number 

of rules. Finally, note the following irregular forms:good-->

better
little-->less
bad-->worse
far-->fartherAdverbs can also be used in comparisons.

 More is used with adverbs that end in -ly:slowly-->more 

slowly
careful-->more carefully 
Use -er with one-syllable adverbs: faster, harder,

 sooner, closer, etc.Note these irregular forms:well-->better
far-->farther
badly-->worse

  Using Should 
 
One of the meanings of the modal auxiliary should is

 advisability: --You should leave right now.
--They should fill out this form. You can also express 

the same idea using either ought to or had better: --

You ought to leave right now.
(You had better leave....)--They ought to fill out this form.
(They had better fill out....)Should and ought to both mean

 that something is a good idea. Had better is usually

 stronger, implying a warning of bad consequences.

The negative of 

should is shouldn't. Ought to is not usually used in the 

negative.

 Often you will hear people pronounce ought to as otta.

  The Past Form Of Should

To form the past of should simply add have + past participle:--I missed my plane
 this morning. I should have left earlier.--I can't find a hotel room. I should have made a reservation.The past form of should conveys the notion of a failure or omission.
 Note that the customary pronunciation of should have is should've or shouda. 
The negative form is should not have, pronounced in colloquial English as shouldn't've or shouldn't'a.


  Expectation And Should 


In a previous section, you learned how should can be used to express advisability: 
--The front desk clerk should give us a discount.Another way should can be used is in expressions of expectation:--They have been working hard. They should do well.(In this example, should means will probably.) 
The past form (should have) means that the speaker expected something 
that did not happen:--I haven't heard anything from them. 
They should have called by now. 


  Using Could


Could is used in two ways in English: 
1.) Past ability:--I can speak English now. I couldn't when I was a child.2.) 
Polite questions:--Could I borrow your car?
--Could you speak slower?
--Could we check out later? 
Note that could is the simple past form of the verb can. 
The negative form of it is couldn't (could not).


  ExpectationNecessity 

Must/Have To/Have Got ToMust and have to both express necessity:--
You must fill out this form.
--You have to pick up Mr. Roberts.In some situations, must is more urgent or 
stronger than have to:--You must be here for your appointment on time. 
I have a busy schedule today.
--You have to take another course next year.The expression have got to is 
similar in meaning to must and have to but is reserved for spoken English:--
I have got to study more. (i.e., I must study more.) 




  Using May And Might 

Two other important modal verbs are may and might. The two are used 
interchangeably in standard American English to express probability or possibility:
--You may be wrong.
--You might be wrong.
--The attorney might be late.
--The attorney may be late.
The past form is expressed as follows:
modal (may/might) + have + past participle
--I may/might have left my glasses in the restaurant.
NOTE: Must can also be used to express probability:
--The plane must be leaving now. 


  Progressive Forms of May And Might 

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MAY AND MIGHT ARE FORMED BY
 ADDING HAVE BEEN + THE -ING FORM OF THE MAIN VERB.--I didn't see
 them at the hotel. They may have been having dinner. --The mail didn't 
arrive on time. The mailman might have been having trouble with his car.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MAY AND MIGHT ARE FORMED BY 
ADDING BE + THE -ING FORM OF THE MAIN VERB. 
--We may be calling you in the morning.--They might be visiting the U.S. 
this time next year.
NOTE: When must means necessity, the past form is had to. When it 
means probability, the past is must have + past participle.


  Using Would


The modal auxiliary would is used in three different contexts: 
1. EXPRESSING PREFERENCE:--I would rather visit Los Angeles. (I'd rather... )
(Would rather means prefer.)
2. EXPRESSING REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST:--When she was alive, 
Aunt Stephanie would visit the West Coast.
(Would is used with regularly repeated actions in the past.)
3. POLITE REQUESTS--I would appreciate hearing from you soon.
Would is frequently used with polite requests.) 
When used to express a repeated action in the past, would often takes
 the place of used to:
--When they were students, they would go skiing every winter.
ALSO:--When they were students, they used to go skiing every winter.
However, when used to refers to a situation that existed 
(but was not necessarily repeated) in the past, would may not serve as a replacement:
--Aunt Stephanie used to live in Chicago.
NOT:--Aunt Stephanie would live in Chicago.
Would can also be used in conditional sentences:--If I had more time, I would read the instructions carefully.


 Using Gerunds 

A gerund is the -ing form of the verb used as a noun. Like nouns,
 gerunds can be subjects or objects:
SUBJECT GERUND: 
--Playing golf is fun.
OBJECT GERUND:--We're used to having a lot of fun.In the second
 example, the gerund having is the object of the preposition to. 
This pattern is fairly frequent in English.By is often used with gerunds to describe how something is done: --By calling the office, you'll be able to know what's going on.
Here are a number of common verbs followed by gerunds:finish--
They finished working at 6 p.m.
stop--I stopped calling you at midnight.
quit--They quit eating for 24 hours.
avoid--You can't avoid answering the question.
keep (on)--They will keep on studying.
enjoy--My neighbor enjoys walking his dog.
appreciate--She would appreciate hearing from you.
mind--Do they mind selling their car?NOTE: Go is followed by a 
gerund in certain idiomatic expressions related to sports and physical activities.--
Did they go shopping yesterday?
--They went sailing at the lake.
--We are going skiing this winter in the Rockies


 Using Whose

Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive 
adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.--There's the man whose house we bought.
--I have a book whose story is fascinating. 
Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.You should learn 
how to combine short sentences using whose: 
--The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.
-- The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist.


 Using Where 

Earlier in this course, you learned how to use where in questions:--Where are 
you going?Where can also be used in a dependent clause:--I see the house
 where they live.In the latter example, where is used to refer to a place, such 
as a city, state, country, room, etc.NOTE: In dependent clauses, where can be 
replaced with in which, which ... in, that ... in, or nothing at all:--The building
 where they work is new.
--The building in which they work is new.
--The building, which they work in, is new.
--The building that they work in is new.
--The building they work in is new. 

 Using When 

Previously, you learned how to use when in questions:
--When are you leaving?
When can also be used in a dependent clause:
--I forgot the date when you arrived.
In the latter example, when is used to refer to a noun of time (i.e., a day, week, month, etc.)
I n time clauses, it is also possible to use that or which preceded by a preposition:
--I forgot the date that you arrived.
--I forgot the date on which you arrived.
No preposition is needed with that.
Note how two sentences are combined using when:
--I'll always remember the day she was born. She was born then (on that day).
--I'll always remember the day when she was born. 


 If....Then Constructions

A frequent pattern in English is the use of constructions with if followed by 
a clause of result (then, either stated or implied):
--If you take Interstate 85, (then) you'll get there faster. 
In this kind of sentence the if clause introduces a hypothetical statement.
 When the if clause is in the present tense, the result (then) clause is in
 the future:--If it becomes (present) any hotter, we'll have to go (future) 
swimming. --I'll send (future) you some money, if you need it (present). 
Now you have seen the if (present tense), then (future tense) pattern.
 Here are two other sequences:-- If (past tense), then (conditional tense)--
 If (past perfect), then (past conditional)--If I had (past) more time, I would 
read (conditional) this book. --They would have won (past conditional) the race,
 if they had run (past perfect) faster. 
NOTE: When you use the verb to be after if, were not was is the preferred form:
--If he were younger, he would ski every day.


 Exclamations! 

Most exclamations in English are preceded by what or how: 
--What terrible weather!
--How awful! 
What is used much more frequently than how in everyday language. 
Exclamations can be as brief as one or two words (What a mess!) or as long as a sentence: 
--What a way to end my vacation! 
NOTE: Don't forget that what and how are most frequently used in questions: 
--What did you say?
--How much does it cost? 


 Using Conjunctions

Here are some conjunctions that are frequently used in subordinate clauses: 

TIME	CAUSE & EFFECT
after	because
before	since
when	now that
while	as
as	as/so long as
since	inasmuch as
until	so (that)
as soon as	in order that
once
as/so long as

OPPOSITION	CONDITION
even though	if
although	unless
though	only if
whereas	whether or not
while	even if
	providing (that)
	provided (that)
	incase (that)
	in the event (that)

When a conjunction is used with a subordinate clause,

 the construction is called an adverbial clause.Here are

 some adverbial clauses that relate to time:--After we 

leave the bank, we'll spend the money.--When they 

arrived, they sat down to dinner.--We haven't seen 

her since she left.And here are clauses that show 

cause and effect relationships:--Since you didn't call, 

I made othe

r plans.--He went to bed, because he was tired.Another

 way to show a cause and effect relationship is to use such

... that and so... that:--It was such a nice evening that they

 stayed up too late.--The lemonade was so cold that she 

couldn't drink it.




 The Passive Voice 

In other sections, you have seen verbs used in the active 

voice. The passive voice is sometimes used in English as well. 

With the active voice, the agent or subject comes before the

 verb. With the passive, the subject (either stated or implied) follows the verb and is usually preceded with the word by:
ACTIVE:--The doctor wrote a prescription.
PASSIVE:--The prescription was written by the doctor.NOTE: 

In the passive, the object of the active verb becomes the

 subject. To make the passive, use the appropriate form

 of the verb to be + past participle. Only transitive verbs

 are used in the passive: ACTIVE: Fred helps Jane.PASSIVE:

 Jane is helped by Fred.ACTIVE: He is helping her.
PASSIVE: She is being helped by him.ACTIVE: He has helped her.PASSIVE: She has been helped by him.ACTIVE: He helped her.PASSIVE: She was helped by him.ACTIVE: He was helping her.PASSIVE: She was being helped by him.ACTIVE: He had

 helped her.PASSIVE: She had been helped by him.ACTIVE:

 He will help her.PASSIVE: She will be helped by him.ACTIVE:

 He is going to help her.

PASSIVE: She is going to be helped by him.Usually the by

 phrase is omitted in a passive sentence. The passive is used mainly when it is not known or not important to know who was responsible for the action:--The house was built in 1960.

(The by phrase is left out because it is understood that builders built the house). 


 Direct And Indirect Speech 

In newspapers, magazines, and books, you will often see

 quoted or direct speech:--They said, "We have no record 

of this transaction."--He stated, "I don't know what happened.

" 
In spoken English, reported or indirect speech will be used 

instead: --They said that they had no record of this 

transaction.

--He stated that he didn't know what happened. 
In reported or indirect speech, no quotation marks are used

 and the subject of the main clause and the dependent 

clause are the same. 
Here are some rules for tense usage in indirect speech:1. 

If the main verb of the sentence is in the past

 (said, reported, stated, etc.), the verb in the dependent 

clause will also be in the past.2. Here is a chart indicating

 typical transformations: 
QUOTED IN-->REPORTED INsimple present-->simple past
present progressive-->perfect progressive
present perfect-->past perfect
simple past-->past perfect
future-->conditionalEXAMPLES:--I said, "She reads the

 pap^-^-^-^-^-^er everyday."
-->I said she read the paper everyday.--I said, "She is

 reading the paper everyday."
-->I said she was reading the paper....--I said, "She has

 read the paper everyday."
-->I said she had read the paper....--I said, "She read the

 paper everyday."
-->I said she had read the paper....--I said, "She will read

 the paper everyday."
-->I said she would read the paper....In reported speech,

 an imperative will change to an infinitive. Furthermore, 

say will be replaced by a form of tell:--He said, "Show me

 your passport."
-->He told me to show my passport.